Confounding factor - related to both the exposure and the outcome It leads to mistaken outcomes in the study, which leads to error in the study. Endemic Goitre is usually found in high altitudes, showing thereby an association between the two. However, we know that the goiter is not because of altitude but because of environmental deficiency of Iodine. Methods used to control confounding: Methods used to control confounding: METHOD UTILITY IN CONTROLLING CONFOUNDING 1. Randomization Most ideal method 2. Restriction Limiting study to people who have paicular characteristics 3. Matching Mostly useful in case control studies 4. Stratification Useful for larger studies 5. Statistical Modeling When many confounding variables exist simultaneously 6. Blinding Bias is also a type of confounding
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