## Definition of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) **Key Point:** MMR is defined as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a given year. ### Standard Formula $$MMR = \frac{\text{Number of maternal deaths in a year}}{\text{Total number of live births in that year}} \times 100,000$$ ### Definitions Related to Maternal Mortality | Term | Definition | Denominator | | --- | --- | --- | | **Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)** | Deaths from maternal causes per live births | 100,000 live births | | **Maternal Mortality Rate (MMRate)** | Deaths from maternal causes per women of reproductive age (15–49 years) | 1,000 women of reproductive age | | **Pregnancy-Related Mortality Ratio (PRMR)** | Deaths from pregnancy-related causes (including indirect causes) | 100,000 live births | ### Key Characteristics of MMR - **Numerator:** Deaths from pregnancy, childbirth, or complications within 42 days of end of pregnancy (regardless of outcome) - **Denominator:** Live births in the same year - **Multiplier:** Per 100,000 (not 1,000 or 10,000) - **Data source in India:** Sample Registration System (SRS), Census, and NFHS ### High-Yield Facts **High-Yield:** - MMR is a key indicator of maternal health and quality of obstetric care - India's current MMR (as per latest SRS) is approximately 97–103 per 100,000 live births (varies by state) - Target under SDG 3.1: Reduce global MMR to <70 per 100,000 live births by 2030 - States with highest MMR: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh - States with lowest MMR: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Goa **Clinical Pearl:** MMR is influenced by: - Accessibility of antenatal care - Skilled birth attendance - Emergency obstetric care availability - Socioeconomic status and literacy - Nutritional status of women **Mnemonic:** MMR = **M**aternal deaths per **100,000** live **B**irths = **M × 100K B** [cite:Park 26e Ch 3]
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