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    Subjects/Physiology/Cardiac Output Regulation
    Cardiac Output Regulation
    medium
    heart-pulse Physiology

    A 68-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease (eGFR 28 mL/min/1.73 m²) and diabetes mellitus presents with progressive dyspnea on exertion over 3 weeks. Her blood pressure is 145/92 mmHg, heart rate 92 bpm (regular), and JVP is normal. Chest X-ray shows no pulmonary edema. Echocardiography reveals an ejection fraction of 35% with septal hypokinesis. Serum creatinine is 2.8 mg/dL, BNP is 450 pg/mL, and troponin is negative. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

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