A 52-year-old man underwent elective hernia repair under spinal anesthesia. The surgeon did not disclose the risk of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH), which occurred post-operatively. The patient claims the surgeon was negligent. Which feature best distinguishes professional negligence from breach of informed consent in this scenario?

See the options, answer & explanation

Sign in free to reveal the answer choices, the correct answer, the detailed explanation, and AI-powered insights for this question.