## Epidemiology of Diabetes in India **Key Point:** Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the predominant form of diabetes in India, accounting for 80–90% of all diabetes cases, with the remainder being type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and secondary forms. ### Global and Indian Context India is often referred to as the "diabetes capital of the world" due to the high burden of diabetes. The epidemiological profile shows: - **Type 2 diabetes:** 80–90% of all diabetes cases - **Type 1 diabetes:** 5–10% of all diabetes cases - **Gestational diabetes and secondary forms:** <5% ### Why T2DM Dominates in India 1. **Genetic predisposition:** South Asian populations have a higher genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. 2. **Rapid urbanization:** Lifestyle changes (sedentary behavior, high-calorie diet, stress) accelerate T2DM prevalence. 3. **Age of onset:** T2DM typically manifests in adulthood (>30 years), whereas T1DM peaks in childhood and adolescence. 4. **Prevalence data:** According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) – INDIAB study, T2DM prevalence in urban areas is 10–15%, with T2DM accounting for >85% of cases. **High-Yield:** The ICMR–INDIAB study (2015–2019) is the largest epidemiological survey of diabetes in India and is frequently cited in NEET PG examinations. **Clinical Pearl:** The rising prevalence of T2DM in India is driven by the "Asian paradox"—South Asians develop T2DM at lower BMI thresholds and with less visceral obesity compared to Caucasians, suggesting a metabolic rather than purely obesity-driven etiology.
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