A 58-year-old man with a 15-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with progressive fatigue and dyspnea. His serum creatinine is 3.2 mg/dL and estimated GFR is 18 mL/min/1.73 m². Urinalysis shows 3+ proteinuria. Which of the following is the most common mechanism responsible for the progressive decline in his GFR?

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