A 72-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetes mellitus presents to hospital with a 4-day history of fever, productive cough with purulent sputum, dyspnea, and chest pain. He reports influenza-like illness in his community 1 week ago. Rapid influenza diagnostic test is positive for influenza A. Chest X-ray shows left lower lobe consolidation. Blood culture grows Streptococcus pneumoniae. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of secondary bacterial pneumonia in this patient?