A 32-year-old man from Delhi presents to the emergency department with a 2-hour history of severe tremor, palpitations, and profuse sweating. He is a known type 1 diabetic on insulin therapy. His blood glucose is 45 mg/dL. After IV dextrose administration, his symptoms resolve within 15 minutes. Which of the following hormonal responses was primarily responsible for the acute symptomatic manifestations during hypoglycemia?