Histopathologically, melasma is characterized by an increased number of functionally active melanocytes (though the absolute number may not always be significantly increased, their activity is) and increased melanin production, primarily in the basal layer. A key feature, especially in dermal and mixed types, is melanin incontinence, where melanin pigment falls into the superficial dermis and is phagocytosed by dermal macrophages (melanophages). Solar elastosis, indicating chronic sun exposure, is also a common associated finding. Option B describes post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation more accurately. Option A is incorrect as melanin content is increased. Option C is incorrect as melanocyte number is not decreased.
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