A 52-year-old man with hypertension and diabetes presents with a 3-day history of persistent palpitations. Physical examination reveals an irregular pulse at 130–150 bpm. A 12-lead ECG shows a narrow-complex tachycardia with a ventricular rate of 140 bpm and no visible P waves. Which investigation is most specific for confirming the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response?

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