Bag-Mask Ventilation

A 58-year-old man with a history of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) presents to the emergency department with acute exacerbation of COPD. He is drowsy, respiratory rate 8/min, SpO₂ 78% on room air, and has poor respiratory effort. The anesthesia team is called for airway management. During bag-mask ventilation (BMV), the resident notices difficulty in achieving adequate chest rise despite applying positive pressure. Which of the following is the most likely cause of inadequate BMV in this patient?

A 42-year-old woman with morbid obesity (BMI 48 kg/m²) and a short neck is scheduled for emergency cesarean section under general anesthesia. After induction with propofol and succinylcholine, the anesthesiologist attempts bag-mask ventilation but finds it increasingly difficult to maintain adequate ventilation. The SpO₂ drops from 98% to 89% within 2 minutes. The resident suggests applying higher positive airway pressure (PAP) to improve ventilation. What is the most appropriate next step in managing this difficult bag-mask ventilation scenario?

Which of the following is the correct hand position for performing bag-mask ventilation using the E-C clamp technique?