APGAR Scoring and Neonatal Resuscitation

A preterm neonate born at 32 weeks gestation has an APGAR score of 4 at 1 minute. Resuscitation is initiated with positive pressure ventilation. After 2 minutes of PPV, heart rate remains 60 bpm and the infant is still cyanotic with poor chest rise. Which is the most appropriate next investigation to guide further resuscitation?

A term newborn delivered via emergency cesarean section for fetal distress is assessed at 1 minute of life. The infant has a heart rate of 95 bpm, weak cry, some flexion of extremities, grimace in response to suctioning, and acrocyanosis. At 5 minutes, after brief stimulation and oxygen, the heart rate increases to 120 bpm, cry becomes vigorous, there is active flexion, the infant cries in response to stimulation, and cyanosis resolves. Which of the following statements regarding the APGAR score interpretation in this case is MOST accurate?

A term newborn delivered vaginally has an APGAR score of 3 at 1 minute. The resuscitation team notes cyanosis, poor muscle tone, and absent respiratory effort. What is the most common cause of a low APGAR score in this clinical scenario?

A 2-hour-old preterm infant (34 weeks gestation) born to a mother with prolonged rupture of membranes presents with respiratory distress. At 5-minute assessment, the infant has a heart rate of 88 bpm, weak cry, some flexion of extremities, minimal response to suctioning, and acrocyanosis. What is the APGAR score at 5 minutes, and what is the most appropriate next step in management?

A term newborn delivered vaginally has an APGAR score of 3 at 1 minute (blue, flaccid, no response to stimulation, gasping respirations, no heart rate audible). After immediate resuscitation measures are initiated, which is the most appropriate investigation to assess the severity of perinatal asphyxia and guide prognosis?