Chronic Inflammation

Which of the following is the hallmark histological feature of chronic inflammation?

Which cytokine is the primary driver of macrophage activation and is considered the most important mediator in chronic inflammation?

A 52-year-old man from rural Maharashtra presents with a 6-month history of progressive dyspnea, persistent dry cough, and low-grade fever. Chest X-ray shows bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy with upper lobe infiltrates. Bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy reveals non-caseating granulomas. Serum calcium is 11.2 mg/dL (normal 8.5–10.5). ACE level is elevated. Which of the following best explains the pathologic mechanism underlying the granuloma formation in this condition?

A 48-year-old woman from Delhi presents with a 3-year history of progressive joint pain and swelling affecting her hands, wrists, and knees. Morning stiffness lasts 2 hours. Examination reveals symmetrical polyarthritis with warmth and tenderness. ESR is 68 mm/hr, CRP is 12 mg/dL. Rheumatoid factor is positive (1:320). X-rays of hands show periarticular osteopenia and early erosions. Which of the following best describes the chronic inflammatory mechanism driving joint destruction in this condition?

A 52-year-old man presents with a 6-month history of progressive dyspnea, cough, and chest pain. High-resolution CT chest shows bilateral upper lobe predominant reticulonodular opacities with hilar lymphadenopathy. Transbronchial lung biopsy confirms non-caseating granulomas. Serum ACE level and 24-hour urinary calcium are elevated. What is the drug of choice for initial management of pulmonary sarcoidosis?