Grading and Staging

Which of the following is NOT a component typically assessed in the Nottingham Histologic Grade (Elston-Ellis modification of Scarff-Bloom-Richardson system) for invasive breast carcinoma?

A 65-year-old male undergoes a prostate biopsy revealing adenocarcinoma. The pathologist assigns a Gleason score of 4+3=7. What does this score primarily indicate?

A 48-year-old woman from Mumbai undergoes staging for a grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (Stage IIIA: T3N1M0). HER2 testing is positive (3+ on immunohistochemistry). Which drug is the drug of choice for HER2-targeted neoadjuvant therapy in this patient?

A 45-year-old man from Bangalore presents with dysphagia and weight loss for 4 months. Upper endoscopy reveals a 5 cm ulcerated tumour in the mid-oesophagus. Biopsy confirms squamous cell carcinoma. CT chest and abdomen shows invasion into the adventitia, involvement of 3 regional lymph nodes, and no distant metastases. Endoscopic ultrasound confirms T3 disease. According to the TNM classification, what is the stage of this oesophageal cancer?

A 48-year-old woman from Mumbai undergoes mastectomy for a 2.5 cm breast carcinoma with 3 positive axillary lymph nodes. Histology shows grade II invasive ductal carcinoma. Which investigation is most appropriate to complete TNM staging and assess for distant metastases?