Tumor Suppressor Genes

A 42-year-old Indian woman presents with a 3-month history of progressive vision loss and a painless palpable mass in her right eye. On examination, she has leukocoria (white pupil reflex) and intraocular pressure of 28 mmHg. Fundoscopy reveals a large retinal mass with vitreous seeding. Genetic testing shows a heterozygous germline mutation in the RB1 gene. Her 8-year-old son is asymptomatic but genetic screening is positive for the same mutation. What is the most likely diagnosis in the son?

A 35-year-old woman from Mumbai presents with bilateral breast cancer diagnosed at age 28 and 32 years. Her mother died of ovarian cancer at age 45. Genetic testing reveals a germline mutation in a tumor suppressor gene. Which gene is most commonly mutated in this hereditary cancer syndrome?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which loss of the APC tumor suppressor gene leads to colorectal cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis?

A 35-year-old woman is found to carry a germline mutation in the TP53 gene. Which syndrome is she at risk for, and what is the characteristic feature of this inherited cancer predisposition?

Which tumor suppressor gene, when inactivated, is most commonly associated with hereditary retinoblastoma and follows the two-hit hypothesis?