Epidemiology

A researcher wants to investigate the potential risk factors for a newly identified, very rare genetic disorder. Which of the following study designs would be most appropriate for this investigation?

In a city with a population of 100,000, there were 500 existing cases of tuberculosis (TB) on January 1, 2023. Throughout 2023, 100 new cases of TB were diagnosed. What is the incidence rate of TB for the year 2023 in this city?

A cohort study is conducted to investigate the association between smoking and lung cancer. Researchers find that participants who smoke heavily are more likely to be lost to follow-up compared to non-smokers. This differential loss to follow-up could lead to which type of bias?

A new screening test for a serious but treatable disease has a very high sensitivity (98%) and a moderate specificity (70%). This test would be most useful for which of the following purposes?

Which of the following is NOT one of Bradford Hill's criteria for establishing causality in epidemiological studies?