Relative Risk vs Odds Ratio

A cohort study followed 10,000 individuals for 5 years to assess the association between occupational asbestos exposure and lung cancer. Among 2,000 exposed workers, 40 developed lung cancer. Among 8,000 unexposed workers, 16 developed lung cancer. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding the interpretation of these findings?

A prospective cohort study enrolled 2,000 individuals without diabetes. After 10 years of follow-up, 400 individuals developed type 2 diabetes. Among those who developed diabetes, 320 had a baseline BMI ≥30 kg/m², while among those who did not develop diabetes, 200 had a baseline BMI ≥30 kg/m². What is the odds ratio of developing type 2 diabetes in individuals with BMI ≥30 compared to those with BMI <30?

A case-control study examining the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and congenital heart defects enrolled 150 mothers of children with CHD and 150 mothers of children without CHD. Among mothers of affected children, 90 had a history of smoking; among mothers of unaffected children, 45 had a history of smoking. Which of the following correctly interprets the odds ratio in this context?

A case-control study investigating the association between oral contraceptive use and venous thromboembolism (VTE) enrolled 500 women with VTE and 500 age-matched controls without VTE. Among the VTE cases, 150 reported current oral contraceptive use, while 350 did not. Among the controls, 50 reported current oral contraceptive use, while 450 did not. Calculate the odds ratio and interpret its clinical significance in the context of risk estimation.

A case-control study of 500 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and 500 age-matched controls without MI examined the association between high dietary salt intake and MI risk. Among MI cases, 320 had high salt intake; among controls, 180 had high salt intake. What is the odds ratio, and what does it represent in this study design?