Phobias

A 30-year-old man reports an intense, irrational fear of spiders. He goes to great lengths to avoid places where spiders might be present, and if he encounters one, he experiences significant anxiety, palpitations, and shortness of breath. This fear has been present for over 10 years and significantly interferes with his ability to enjoy outdoor activities. Which of the following is a *key diagnostic criterion* for Specific Phobia, according to DSM-5?

A 25-year-old woman presents to the emergency department after fainting during a routine blood draw. She reports a lifelong history of intense fear and avoidance of needles, blood, and medical procedures. She often feels dizzy and lightheaded, sometimes to the point of syncope, when exposed to these stimuli. This presentation is most characteristic of which type of specific phobia?

For a patient diagnosed with a specific phobia, such as acrophobia (fear of heights), which of the following therapeutic interventions is considered the most effective first-line treatment?

A 45-year-old woman reports severe anxiety and panic-like symptoms when she is in crowded places, open spaces, or public transportation. She has started avoiding these situations entirely, often staying home for weeks at a time, fearing that she might have a panic attack and be unable to escape or get help. Her symptoms are not limited to social situations. This clinical picture is most consistent with a diagnosis of:

A 22-year-old university student experiences intense anxiety and physical symptoms like blushing, trembling, and sweating whenever he has to give a presentation, speak in class, or attend social gatherings. He fears being negatively judged or scrutinized by others. He often avoids these situations, which is now impacting his academic performance and social life. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?