A 58-year-old male from Delhi presents to the emergency department with a 5-day history of fever (39.2°C), dry cough, and progressive dyspnea. He reports loss of taste and smell for 2 days. On examination, oxygen saturation is 88% on room air, respiratory rate 28/min, and bilateral crackles are heard on auscultation. Chest X-ray shows bilateral ground-glass opacities with peripheral and lower lobe predominance. RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swab is positive. Laboratory findings: D-dimer 2.8 µg/mL (normal <0.5), ferritin 580 ng/mL (normal <200), IL-6 elevated at 85 pg/mL. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of his respiratory compromise and hypercoagulability?