A 58-year-old man with no significant past medical history presents to the emergency department with a 3-day history of high fever (39.8°C), productive cough with rust-colored sputum, and pleuritic chest pain. Chest X-ray shows a right lower lobe consolidation with air bronchograms. On examination, he has bronchial breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and increased tactile fremitus over the right lower lobe. A sputum Gram stain reveals gram-positive diplococci in lancet pairs. The pathological specimen shows the structure marked **A** — a red-brown, firm, airless lobar consolidation with a granular cut surface and overlying fibrinous pleural exudate. Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of the red-brown appearance and consolidation seen in structure **A**?