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    Subjects/Medicine/Hypertension — Essential and Secondary
    Hypertension — Essential and Secondary
    medium
    stethoscope Medicine

    A 52-year-old man with a 10-year history of essential hypertension presents for routine follow-up. His current BP is 148/92 mmHg despite lifestyle modifications. He has no diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG. Which is the drug of choice for initiating monotherapy in this patient?

    A. Amlodipine
    B. Hydrochlorothiazide
    C. Labetalol
    D. Lisinopril

    Explanation

    ## First-Line Antihypertensive Agents in Essential Hypertension **Key Point:** In uncomplicated essential hypertension without comorbidities, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and thiazide diuretics are all acceptable first-line agents. Amlodipine (a dihydropyridine CCB) is preferred in this scenario due to superior tolerability, efficacy, and minimal metabolic side effects. ### Why Amlodipine Is Optimal Here **High-Yield:** Amlodipine has: - Excellent BP-lowering efficacy with once-daily dosing - Minimal metabolic effects (no hyperglycemia, no hypokalemia, no lipid changes) - No cough (unlike ACE inhibitors) - No ankle edema at standard doses (unlike other dihydropyridines) - Proven cardiovascular protection in large RCTs **Clinical Pearl:** In patients without specific indications for ACE-I/ARB (diabetes, CKD, post-MI, heart failure) or beta-blockers (CAD, post-MI, heart failure), CCBs offer a neutral metabolic profile and excellent tolerability. ### Comparison of First-Line Agents | Agent | Mechanism | Metabolic Effects | Cough | Edema | Preferred In | |-------|-----------|-------------------|-------|-------|---------------| | **Amlodipine (CCB)** | L-type Ca²⁺ channel block | Neutral | No | Rare | Uncomplicated HTN, metabolic syndrome | | Lisinopril (ACE-I) | ACE inhibition | Neutral | Yes (10–20%) | No | Diabetes, CKD, post-MI, HF | | HCTZ (Thiazide) | Na⁺/Cl⁻ cotransport block | Hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia | No | No | Isolated systolic HTN, older adults | | Labetalol (α/β-blocker) | Mixed adrenergic block | Fatigue, sexual dysfunction | No | No | Pregnancy, acute HTN crisis | **Tip:** The 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines and Indian guidelines (ICCM) list all four classes as first-line; choice depends on comorbidities. In *uncomplicated* HTN, amlodipine is often preferred due to side-effect profile. [cite:Harrison 21e Ch 297]

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