A 35-year-old man from rural Maharashtra presents with a 3-month history of productive cough, fever, and night sweats. Chest X-ray shows an apical cavity lesion. A transbronchial biopsy is performed and histology reveals a caseating granuloma. The structure marked C in the diagram (Langhans giant cells with horseshoe-arranged nuclei) is a hallmark of this pathology. Which of the following BEST describes the immunopathological mechanism underlying the formation of the structure marked C?

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