A 58-year-old man from rural Maharashtra presents with progressive dysphagia to solids for 8 months, weight loss of 12 kg, and regurgitation of undigested food. On examination, he appears cachectic. Upper endoscopy reveals a narrowed esophageal lumen with an irregular, ulcerated lesion at 25 cm from the incisors. Biopsy shows nests of malignant cells with keratin pearl formation and intercellular bridges. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 52-year-old woman with a 20-year history of GERD presents with progressive dysphagia and substernal chest pain. Upper endoscopy shows a salmon-pink discolored mucosa in the distal esophagus extending 6 cm above the gastroesophageal junction, with intestinal-type glands on biopsy. What is the pathological process underlying this endoscopic finding?
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