A 52-year-old woman presents with a 6-month history of progressive hair loss over the vertex and parietal scalp. On examination, she has multiple patches of scarring alopecia with perifollicular erythema, hyperkeratotic scale, and loss of follicular ostia, as shown by the structure marked **A** in the diagram. Trichoscopy reveals perifollicular hyperkeratotic casts and milky-red areas. Which of the following best describes the pathogenic mechanism underlying the hair loss in this condition?
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