Bronchodilators

A 52-year-old man with moderate persistent asthma presents to the clinic with complaints of tremor in his hands and palpitations that started 2 days after initiating a new bronchodilator. His baseline FEV₁ is 65% predicted. On examination, heart rate is 102 bpm, regular rhythm, and fine tremor is noted in outstretched hands. He denies chest pain or dyspnea at rest. His previous controller was inhaled corticosteroid monotherapy. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

A 52-year-old male with moderate persistent asthma is started on inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Which is the most common adverse effect of inhaled corticosteroids that occurs in the oropharynx?

A 38-year-old man with known asthma presents with acute dyspnea and wheezing despite regular inhaled corticosteroid use. He has been using his salbutamol inhaler 4–5 times daily for the past 2 weeks. On examination, peak expiratory flow (PEF) is 65% of predicted. To assess the reversibility of airway obstruction and guide bronchodilator therapy, which investigation is most appropriate?

Which of the following beta-2 agonists has the longest duration of action and is classified as a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA)?

Which mechanism of action distinguishes methylxanthines (theophylline) from beta-2 agonists in the treatment of asthma?