Insulin and Glucagon

Which is the most common site of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A 32-year-old man from Delhi presents to the emergency department with a 2-hour history of severe tremor, palpitations, and profuse sweating. He is a known type 1 diabetic on insulin therapy. His blood glucose is 45 mg/dL. After IV dextrose administration, his symptoms resolve within 15 minutes. Which of the following hormonal responses was primarily responsible for the acute symptomatic manifestations during hypoglycemia?

A 35-year-old man with a 10-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycemia despite dietary modifications and reduced insulin doses. His fasting blood glucose is 85 mg/dL, but he experiences symptomatic hypoglycemia (tremor, diaphoresis, confusion) within 2–3 hours of meals. Physical examination reveals a palpable abdominal mass. Which investigation is most appropriate to confirm the suspected diagnosis?

A 28-year-old woman with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with severe hyperglycemia (450 mg/dL), metabolic acidosis (pH 7.15, HCO₃⁻ 12 mEq/L), and ketonemia. Her serum insulin level is < 2 mIU/mL. To assess the degree of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and predict long-term insulin requirement, which investigation is most appropriate?

A 38-year-old obese woman (BMI 34 kg/m²) with irregular menstrual cycles and hirsutism is found to have elevated fasting insulin (28 mIU/L) and normal fasting glucose (92 mg/dL). Most common endocrine disorder associated with this metabolic profile is: