A 45-year-old man presents with progressive dysphagia for both solids and liquids over 18 months, regurgitation of undigested food, nocturnal cough, and 8 kg weight loss. Barium swallow shows a dilated esophagus with smooth tapering at the gastroesophageal junction. The structure marked **A** in the diagram represents the dilated esophagus with retained food residue. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms BEST explains the development of this finding in achalasia?
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