Burns — Assessment and Management

According to the Rule of Nines, what percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) does each lower limb represent in an adult?

A 28-year-old man is admitted to the burn unit with thermal injuries sustained in a kitchen fire. On examination, he has blistering and erythema over the anterior chest, bilateral forearms, and anterior thighs. Using the Rule of Nines, what is the approximate total body surface area (TBSA) burned?

In a 35-year-old man with 40% TBSA deep partial-thickness (2nd degree) and full-thickness (3rd degree) burns, what is the fluid requirement in the first 24 hours using the Parkland formula?

A 28-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 2 hours after a flame burn injury to his trunk and both upper limbs while working in a factory. On examination, he has erythema with blistering on the anterior chest, abdomen, and both arms. His vital signs are: HR 110/min, BP 100/65 mmHg, RR 22/min. Urine output is 0.3 mL/kg/hr. Using the Rule of Nines, the estimated total body surface area (TBSA) burned is 36%. Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate fluid resuscitation strategy?

A 28-year-old woman with a 25% TBSA circumferential full-thickness burn to both forearms develops progressive swelling and pain out of proportion to the burn depth within 6 hours of injury. Capillary refill in the distal fingers is >3 seconds, and pulses are absent on Doppler ultrasound. Which agent is the drug of choice for immediate escharotomy wound management in this patient?