A 16-year-old boy presents with hundreds of colorectal adenomatous polyps discovered on screening sigmoidoscopy. Genetic testing confirms a germline mutation in the gene marked **A** on the diagram. His father had undergone prophylactic colectomy at age 18 and has characteristic osteomas of the mandible and skull, along with multiple epidermoid cysts. Which of the following best explains the molecular consequence of loss of function of the gene at **A**?
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