Hemorrhagic Shock — Trauma

In hemorrhagic shock, which of the following physiologic responses occurs first as a result of sympathetic activation?

A 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. He was the unrestrained driver. On arrival, his blood pressure is 88/56 mmHg, heart rate 128 bpm, respiratory rate 24/min, and Glasgow Coma Scale is 14. Examination reveals a distended abdomen with severe tenderness and bruising over the left flank. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) shows free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Hemoglobin is 9.2 g/dL (baseline unknown). What is the most appropriate immediate management?

A 28-year-old woman with a penetrating stab wound to the right upper quadrant is in the resuscitation bay. She is in Class II hemorrhagic shock (BP 95/60 mmHg, HR 110/min, anxious, normal urine output). Two large-bore IVs are running. The trauma surgeon is preparing for the operating room. Which fluid is the drug of choice for initial resuscitation in this hemorrhagic shock scenario?

A 28-year-old man is brought to the trauma bay following a stab wound to the left flank. He is in hemorrhagic shock (BP 78/48, HR 135, RR 32, pale and diaphoretic). Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) shows free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Which is the most common source of hemorrhage in penetrating abdominal trauma?

A 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. He is in hemorrhagic shock (BP 85/50, HR 128, RR 28). After rapid fluid resuscitation and type O negative blood, he remains hypotensive. Which is the most common site of ongoing hemorrhage in blunt abdominal trauma requiring operative intervention?