Quick Answer
Contraception is a 3 to 5 question topic per NEET PG paper across OBG, PSM and Pharmacology. Lock these:
- Pearl Index — pregnancies per 100 woman-years of method use (lower is better).
- Copper IUD (Cu-T 380A) — 10 years; emergency contraception up to 5 days.
- LNG-IUS (Mirena) — 5 years; first-line for menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea.
- Antara (DMPA) — IM injection every 3 months; FP-LMIS national programme.
- Saheli (Centchroman) — non-hormonal SERM, weekly tablet; uniquely Indian.
- Emergency contraception — LNG 1.5 mg up to 72 h, ulipristal up to 120 h, Cu-IUD up to 5 days.
- MTP Act 2021 — extended legal abortion to 24 weeks for special categories.
Contraception is the highest-yield single PSM-OBG overlap topic in NEET PG, and India's national Family Planning Programme provides several methods (Antara, Saheli, Mala N) that are uniquely Indian and routinely tested. The 2021 MTP Act Amendment and the 2020 WHO MEC update mean a few historically standard answers have shifted. Counselling is now an examinable competency — vignettes increasingly ask "which method is most appropriate for this patient" rather than "what is the mechanism of action".
This NEETPGAI deep dive covers the full method portfolio (barrier, hormonal, IUD, implant, emergency, permanent), the WHO MEC categories, the India National Family Planning Programme, and the MTP Act 2021 amendments. Pair this with the menopause and HRT management guide and the obstetric ultrasound image MCQ guide for full OBG core coverage.
Pearl Index — comparing efficacy
The Pearl Index is the number of pregnancies per 100 woman-years of use. Two figures are reported — perfect use (theoretical, ideal compliance) and typical use (real-world). Lower is better.
| Method | Perfect use | Typical use |
|---|
| No method | 85 | 85 |
| Male condom | 2 | 13 to 18 |
| Female condom | 5 | 21 |
| Combined oral pill | 0.3 | 7 to 9 |
| Progestin-only pill | 0.3 | 7 |
| DMPA injection | 0.2 | 4 |
| Implanon (etonogestrel implant) | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Copper IUD (Cu-T 380A) | 0.6 | 0.8 |
| LNG-IUS (Mirena) | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Tubectomy | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Vasectomy | 0.1 | 0.15 |
Implants, IUDs and sterilisation are categorised as LARC (long-acting reversible contraception) or permanent — they have nearly identical perfect and typical use rates because they remove user compliance from the equation.
Barrier methods
- Male condom (latex) — protects against pregnancy and most STIs (HIV, gonorrhoea, chlamydia). Failure mostly from incorrect use or breakage. NACO social-marketing condoms (Nirodh, Deluxe Nirodh) are distributed free or at subsidised cost across India.
- Female condom (FC2) — polyurethane sheath inserted into the vagina; less popular but offers female-controlled STI protection.
- Diaphragm and cervical cap — used with spermicide; require fitting; not widely available in India.
- Spermicides — nonoxynol-9 foam, gel or pessary; low efficacy alone; can disrupt mucosa and increase HIV risk with frequent use.
Hormonal contraceptives
Combined oral contraceptives (COC)
Ethinyl oestradiol (20 to 35 micrograms) plus a progestin. Available formulations:
- Monophasic — fixed dose throughout the cycle.
- Biphasic and triphasic — varying progestin or oestrogen; aims to lower total hormone load.
- Extended-cycle and continuous — fewer withdrawal bleeds per year.
Mechanism — primary effect is suppression of ovulation (oestrogen suppresses FSH preventing follicle development; progestin suppresses LH surge); secondary effects on cervical mucus (thickened) and endometrium (atrophic).
Non-contraceptive benefits — reduced dysmenorrhoea, lighter menses, reduced ovarian and endometrial cancer risk, improved acne, treatment of PCOS hyperandrogenism.
Absolute contraindications (WHO MEC 4):
- Less than 6 weeks postpartum and breastfeeding.
- Smoker over 35 years (15 or more cigarettes/day).
- Hypertension (160/100 or higher).
- VTE history or current VTE.
- Ischaemic heart disease, stroke history.
- Migraine with aura at any age.
- Current breast cancer.
- Severe cirrhosis, liver tumours.
- Less than 21 days postpartum.
Progestin-only pill ("minipill")
Norethisterone or levonorgestrel; taken continuously without a pill-free interval. Strict timing — must be taken within a 3-hour window of the usual time each day (newer drospirenone-only pill has a 24-hour window).
Primarily acts by thickening cervical mucus and rendering the endometrium atrophic; ovulation suppression is incomplete (50 percent of cycles).
Ideal for — breastfeeding (no oestrogen interference with milk supply), women with COC contraindications.
Combined patch (Evra) and ring (NuvaRing)
Weekly patch (releases ethinyl oestradiol and norelgestromin) or monthly vaginal ring (releases ethinyl oestradiol and etonogestrel). Same mechanisms and contraindications as COCs.
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA, Antara)
150 mg IM every 13 weeks (or 104 mg subcutaneous DMPA-SC every 13 weeks). Marketed in India as Antara under the FP-LMIS national programme — free at government facilities.
- Mechanism — suppresses LH surge, thickens cervical mucus, atrophic endometrium.
- Pearl Index — 0.2 (perfect), 4 (typical).
- Side effects — menstrual irregularity (90 percent in first 3 months), amenorrhoea (over 50 percent at 12 months), weight gain, bone mineral density loss (recovers after discontinuation), delayed return to fertility (median 10 months), no protection against STIs.
- Best for — breastfeeding women, those wanting privacy, sickle cell disease (DMPA suppresses crises).
Subdermal implant (Implanon NXT / Nexplanon)
Single etonogestrel rod (4 cm × 2 mm) inserted in the upper inner arm; effective for 3 years. Pearl Index 0.05 (lowest of any reversible method). Side effects — irregular bleeding, return to fertility within days of removal.
Intrauterine devices (IUD)
Copper IUD (Cu-T 380A)
T-shaped polyethylene frame with 380 mm² of copper wire. Effective for 10 years. Available free under the National FP Programme.
- Mechanism — copper ions are spermicidal and ovicidal; create sterile inflammatory reaction in the endometrium hostile to sperm and implantation.
- Pearl Index — 0.6 (perfect), 0.8 (typical).
- Side effects — heavier menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhoea (especially first 3 to 6 months), PID risk in first 20 days (insertion-related), expulsion in 2 to 10 percent (most in first year).
- Contraindications (MEC 4) — current pregnancy, current pelvic infection, unexplained vaginal bleeding, distorted uterine cavity, pelvic tuberculosis, gestational trophoblastic disease.
Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS, Mirena)
Releases 20 micrograms of LNG/day; effective for 5 to 8 years (label updated). Pearl Index 0.2.
- Mechanism — endometrial atrophy, thickened cervical mucus; ovulation continues in 75 percent.
- Non-contraceptive benefits — reduces menstrual blood loss by 90 percent (first-line for menorrhagia), treatment of endometrial hyperplasia, dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis, fibroid-related bleeding.
- Side effects — irregular bleeding in first 3 to 6 months, amenorrhoea by 12 months in 20 percent.
Indian socially-marketed pill — Mala N and Mala D
Mala N — free oral contraceptive pill distributed through ASHAs and public health centres under the National Family Planning Programme; contains levonorgestrel 0.15 mg plus ethinyl oestradiol 0.03 mg. Mala D — socially marketed (subsidised) version sold through pharmacies and depot holders.
Emergency contraception
Used after unprotected intercourse, condom failure, missed pills, or sexual assault.
| Method | Window | Mechanism | Efficacy |
|---|
| Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg | Within 72 hours (best within 24) | Inhibits/delays ovulation | 85 percent reduction in pregnancy |
| Ulipristal acetate 30 mg | Within 120 hours (5 days) | Selective progesterone receptor modulator; delays ovulation even at LH peak | More effective than LNG, especially after 72 h |
| Copper IUD | Within 120 hours (5 days) | Inhibits fertilisation and implantation | Most effective (failure under 1 percent) |
| Yuzpe regimen | Within 72 hours | Combined estrogen-progestin pills | Less effective than LNG; more nausea |
LNG is the standard in India — sold over-the-counter as i-Pill, Unwanted-72, Pill-72. It does NOT disrupt an established pregnancy and is not an abortifacient. Mifepristone-misoprostol is used for medical abortion (under MTP Act), not emergency contraception.
Permanent contraception
Female sterilisation (tubectomy / tubal ligation)
- Minilap (minilaparotomy) — small suprapubic incision; tubes ligated and resected (Pomeroy's technique most common in India).
- Laparoscopic tubal occlusion — Falope rings (silastic), Filshie clips, or bipolar cautery.
- Hysteroscopic Essure — withdrawn from the market in 2018 due to complications.
- Postpartum sterilisation — within 7 days of delivery; tubes are easily accessible via mini-incision.
Failure rate — 0.5 percent over 10 years (Pearl Index 0.5). Failure may result in ectopic pregnancy (suspect if pregnant after tubectomy).
Male sterilisation (vasectomy)
- Conventional vasectomy — small scrotal incision; vas deferens ligated and resected.
- No-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) — special ringed clamp punctures the skin; preferred under National FP Programme; faster, less bleeding, no sutures.
Failure rate — 0.1 percent. Effective only after 3 months or 20 ejaculations (azoospermia must be confirmed by semen analysis). Complications — haematoma, infection, chronic pain (post-vasectomy pain syndrome).
WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC)
The WHO MEC matches a contraceptive method against a clinical condition:
- Category 1 — No restriction; use the method.
- Category 2 — Generally use; benefits usually outweigh risks.
- Category 3 — Usually NOT recommended; alternative preferred; use with caution and follow-up.
- Category 4 — Do NOT use; unacceptable health risk.
Common high-yield MEC categorisations:
- COC + smoker over 35 = MEC 4.
- COC + migraine with aura = MEC 4.
- COC + breastfeeding less than 6 weeks postpartum = MEC 4.
- DMPA + severe hypertension = MEC 3.
- LNG-IUS + current breast cancer = MEC 4.
- Cu-IUD + pelvic tuberculosis = MEC 4.
- Cu-IUD + heavy menstrual bleeding = MEC 2 (relative caution).
Indian National Family Planning Programme
The Family Planning Logistics Management Information System (FP-LMIS) provides free contraceptives across India under the National Health Mission. The basket of choice includes:
- Spacing methods — condoms (Nirodh), oral pills (Mala N), DMPA (Antara), Cu-IUD 380A, postpartum IUD (PPIUCD), Chhaya (Centchroman/Saheli).
- Permanent methods — minilap tubectomy, laparoscopic tubal occlusion, NSV.
- Incentives — Rs 2,000 to 3,000 for tubectomy acceptors, Rs 1,500 for NSV acceptors, Rs 300 for IUD insertion (ASHA incentive).
Mission Parivar Vikas (launched 2017) targets 146 high-fertility districts in 7 high-burden states (Bihar, UP, MP, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Assam).
MTP Act and 2021 amendments
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021:
- Up to 20 weeks — one registered medical practitioner's opinion.
- 20 to 24 weeks — two RMPs' opinion, for special categories: survivors of rape or incest, minors, women with disabilities, change in marital status during pregnancy (divorce, widowhood), fetal malformations, women in humanitarian/disaster situations.
- Beyond 24 weeks — state Medical Board approval for substantial fetal anomalies.
- Confidentiality — provider must not disclose patient details except as legally required.
- Unmarried women — included explicitly in the contraceptive failure provision (previously limited to married women).
NEET PG MCQ traps
- Pearl Index — lower is better; perfect use (theoretical) vs typical use (real-world).
- Cu-T 380A — 10 years duration; also used as emergency contraception up to 5 days.
- LNG-IUS (Mirena) — first-line for menorrhagia; 5 to 8 years duration.
- DMPA (Antara) — every 3 months; bone mineral density loss is reversible.
- Saheli (Centchroman, ormeloxifene) — non-hormonal SERM; twice weekly for 3 months then weekly; CDRI-developed and uniquely Indian.
- Mala N — free oral pill via ASHAs; Mala D — socially marketed (subsidised).
- Implanon (etonogestrel) — single rod, 3 years, Pearl Index 0.05 (lowest reversible).
- LNG emergency contraception — within 72 hours; primary mechanism is delay of ovulation.
- Ulipristal acetate — within 120 hours; more effective than LNG in the late follicular phase.
- Copper IUD as emergency contraception — within 5 days; lowest failure rate (under 1 percent).
- COC absolute contraindications — smoker over 35, migraine with aura, VTE, hypertension 160/100, breast cancer.
- POP — preferred during breastfeeding (no oestrogen); strict 3-hour window.
- Vasectomy effective after 3 months or 20 ejaculations — confirm azoospermia.
- Tubectomy failure — increased ectopic pregnancy risk if pregnant.
- NSV (no-scalpel vasectomy) — preferred under National FP Programme.
- MTP Act 2021 — legal up to 24 weeks for special categories; beyond 24 weeks requires Medical Board.
- Pregnancy after MTP Act fails — not a ground for abortion under MTP; ground is only at the time of decision.
- Yuzpe regimen — COC-based emergency contraception; less effective and more nauseating than LNG.
Recent updates and Indian context
- MTP Act Amendment 2021 — extended upper gestational limit to 24 weeks for special categories; mandated state Medical Boards for substantial fetal anomalies; explicitly protected provider confidentiality.
- Antara DMPA — rolled out across all states under FP-LMIS; free at government facilities; major scale-up of injectable contraception.
- Chhaya (Centchroman) rebranding — Saheli renamed Chhaya for FP-LMIS distribution; included in the national basket of choice.
- POI (postpartum IUCD) — PPIUCD insertion within 48 hours of delivery has been rolled out via Operationalisation Guidelines under NHM; reduces unmet need in the postpartum window.
- WHO MEC 2015 (5th edition, still current) — adopted by FP-LMIS guidelines; quick reference wheel available in all PHCs.
- Mission Parivar Vikas (2017) — targets 146 high-fertility districts with intensified service delivery and demand generation; includes "Antara Champion" model for DMPA scale-up.
- National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5, 2019-21) — modern contraceptive prevalence in India is 56 percent; unmet need 9.4 percent; female sterilisation remains the dominant method (38 percent of all users); male sterilisation under 1 percent.
Frequently asked questions
What are the WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC) categories?
The WHO MEC classifies any contraceptive method against a clinical condition into four categories. Category 1 — no restriction; method can be used. Category 2 — advantages generally outweigh risks; can be used with follow-up. Category 3 — risks usually outweigh advantages; avoid unless other methods are not available, with careful clinical follow-up. Category 4 — unacceptable health risk; method must NOT be used. For example, combined oral contraceptives are category 4 in migraine with aura, smokers over 35, history of VTE, and current breast cancer.
How does levonorgestrel emergency contraception work and when is it used?
Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg (single dose or two 0.75 mg tablets 12 hours apart) is the standard emergency contraceptive in India, marketed as i-Pill and Unwanted-72. Effective up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, with declining efficacy beyond. Primary mechanism is inhibition or delay of ovulation; it does NOT disrupt an established pregnancy. Ulipristal acetate (UPA) 30 mg extends the window to 120 hours and is more effective in the late follicular phase. The copper IUD inserted within 5 days post-coitus is the most effective emergency method (failure under 1 percent).
What is Antara and how is it given under FP-LMIS?
Antara is depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) 150 mg, a progestin-only injectable contraceptive provided free under the Indian Family Planning Logistics Management Information System (FP-LMIS). One intramuscular injection every 13 weeks (3 months) provides over 99 percent efficacy. Side effects include menstrual irregularity (initial spotting, eventual amenorrhoea in over 50 percent at 12 months), bone mineral density loss (reversible, mostly recovers after discontinuation), weight gain, and delayed return to fertility (median 10 months). Excellent for breastfeeding women (no oestrogen effect on milk supply).
What did the MTP Act Amendment 2021 change?
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021 extended the upper gestational limit for legal abortion from 20 to 24 weeks for special categories of women — survivors of sexual assault or incest, minors, women with disabilities, those whose marital status changed during pregnancy (divorce, widowhood), fetal malformations, and women in disaster or emergency situations. Beyond 24 weeks, a state-level Medical Board can permit termination for substantial fetal abnormalities. Provider confidentiality is now legally protected. Only one provider opinion is needed up to 20 weeks; two are required between 20 and 24 weeks.
What is Saheli (Centchroman) and what makes it unique?
Saheli (Centchroman, ormeloxifene) is a non-hormonal, non-steroidal selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) developed by CDRI Lucknow and marketed as Saheli or Chhaya. It is taken twice weekly for the first 3 months and once weekly thereafter. Mechanism — asynchrony between ovulation and endometrial maturation; the endometrium remains underdeveloped and unreceptive to implantation. Efficacy around 95 to 98 percent. No oestrogen-related risks; safe in lactation; advantages in PCOS and DUB. Unique to India and rare in the world's contraceptive armamentarium.
This content is for educational purposes for NEET PG exam preparation. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Clinical information has been reviewed by qualified medical professionals.
Written by: NEETPGAI Editorial Team
Reviewed by: Pending SME Review
Last reviewed: May 2026
