Neural Crest Cells — Origin and Derivatives

A 30-year-old woman at 10 weeks gestation undergoes detailed embryological assessment. The clinician explains that the neural tube, which is currently closing, will eventually give rise to the entire central nervous system. Which of the following structures is NOT derived from the neural tube?

Neural crest cells originate from which embryological region?

A 2-month-old female infant born to non-consanguineous parents presents with a large midline mass at the base of the skull extending into the nasopharynx. Imaging reveals a heterogeneous mass with hair, teeth, and sebaceous material. The mass is compressing the airway. Histopathology confirms a teratoma. The surgeon notes abnormal migration of which embryological cell population during development?

A 2-year-old child presents with hyperpigmented macules over the trunk and limbs, along with café-au-lait spots. Which of the following is the most common neural crest-derived cell type responsible for this clinical presentation?

A 3-year-old child presents with multiple café-au-lait spots on the trunk and axillae, along with Lisch nodules on the iris. Genetic testing confirms neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). All of the following tissues affected in this condition are derived from neural crest EXCEPT: