Anesthesia Complications - Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury

A 48-year-old male with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (eGFR 35 mL/min/1.73m²) undergoes elective open prostatectomy under general anesthesia. Induction is achieved with propofol 1.5 mg/kg IV, and anesthesia is maintained with isoflurane and nitrous oxide. Postoperatively, the patient develops acute kidney injury (AKI) with serum creatinine rising from 1.8 mg/dL preoperatively to 3.2 mg/dL on postoperative day 2. Urine sodium is 15 mEq/L, and fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is 0.4%. Which of the following is the MOST likely mechanism of anesthesia-related renal injury in this patient?