IV Induction Agents — Propofol, Thiopentone, Etomidate, Ketamine

Among the commonly used IV induction agents (propofol, thiopentone, etomidate, and ketamine), which is the most common cause of pain on injection in clinical practice?

A 68-year-old male with septic shock, acute kidney injury, and borderline hypotension (BP 90/55 mmHg) requires emergency intubation for airway protection. Regarding the choice of induction agent in this clinical scenario, all of the following are appropriate considerations EXCEPT:

A 58-year-old male with severe hypertension (BP 180/110 mmHg), coronary artery disease, and ejection fraction of 35% is scheduled for emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy. During induction, which IV agent should be avoided and what is the most appropriate alternative?

Which single feature best distinguishes etomidate from ketamine as an induction agent?

A 42-year-old woman with uncontrolled hypertension (BP 160/100 mmHg), anxiety, and chronic pain from fibromyalgia is scheduled for emergency dental extraction under general anesthesia. She is on metoprolol and amitriptyline. During induction, you choose an agent that maintains her airway reflexes, preserves her respiratory drive, and does not cause significant hemodynamic depression. She experiences dissociative phenomena during emergence but remains hemodynamically stable throughout. Which agent was used?