A 58-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presents with palpitations and dyspnoea. His 12-lead ECG shows a regular narrow-complex tachycardia at 150 bpm. The rhythm strip reveals the pattern marked **A** in the diagram — sawtooth flutter waves visible in leads II, III, and aVF. Which of the following best explains the electrophysiological mechanism underlying this ECG finding?
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