GI Bleeding — Upper and Lower

A 72-year-old woman presents with painless per rectum bleeding for 3 days. She has no abdominal pain, no weight loss, and no change in bowel habits. Hemoglobin is 10.2 g/dL. Upper GI endoscopy is normal. Which investigation is most appropriate to localize the source of lower GI bleeding?

A 68-year-old woman with a history of diverticulosis presents with painless bright red rectal bleeding. A 42-year-old man with inflammatory bowel disease presents with bloody diarrhea and left lower abdominal pain. Which feature best distinguishes diverticular bleeding from inflammatory bowel disease as a cause of lower GI hemorrhage?

A 58-year-old man with a 10-year history of alcohol use disorder presents to the emergency department with hematemesis and melena. On examination, he is tachycardic (HR 110/min), hypotensive (BP 95/60 mmHg), and has clinical signs of chronic liver disease. After two large-bore IV lines are established and initial fluid resuscitation is begun, what is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 58-year-old man with a 15-year history of alcohol use disorder presents to the emergency department with hematemesis and melena. On examination, he is pale, with a blood pressure of 92/58 mmHg, heart rate 118 bpm, and a distended abdomen with shifting dullness. Laboratory investigations show hemoglobin 7.2 g/dL, INR 2.8, albumin 2.1 g/dL, and total bilirubin 4.2 mg/dL. Upper endoscopy reveals esophageal varices with active bleeding and signs of portal hypertension. After initial resuscitation and blood product transfusion, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 58-year-old man with cirrhosis and portal hypertension presents with haematemesis and melena. Endoscopy confirms oesophageal variceal bleeding. After initial resuscitation and blood product transfusion, what is the drug of choice for acute variceal haemorrhage?