A 52-year-old male presents to a district TB clinic in rural Maharashtra with a 3-month history of productive cough, fever, and weight loss. Sputum CBNAAT is positive for MTB. His chest X-ray is shown. The structure marked **A** in the diagram demonstrates an apical cavity with calcified hilar nodes. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiological basis for the radiographic pattern seen at location **A**?
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