A 34-year-old woman presents with 4 days of progressive fever, productive cough with rusty-colored sputum, pleuritic right-sided chest pain, and dyspnea on exertion. On examination, she is ill-appearing with temperature 39.2°C, heart rate 128 bpm (regular), respiratory rate 24, and SpO₂ 92% on room air. Chest examination reveals decreased expansion on the right with dullness, increased tactile fremitus, bronchial breath sounds, and crackles in the right lower lobe. Twelve-lead ECG shows the rhythm marked **A** in the diagram. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of tachycardia in this patient?
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