Permanent Methods

Which of the following is the PRIMARY mechanism of action of the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD)?

Which of the following statements about female sterilization by tubal ligation is CORRECT?

A 32-year-old multiparous woman (G3P3) attends the family planning clinic 6 weeks postpartum. She is exclusively breastfeeding and desires a permanent method of contraception. She has no contraindications to any form of contraception. On examination, her uterus is well-involuted and there is no vaginal bleeding. She declines hormonal methods due to concerns about milk supply. Which of the following permanent contraceptive methods is most appropriate for her at this time?

A 38-year-old nulliparous woman from Delhi presents to the gynecology clinic requesting permanent sterilization. She is married for 10 years, has no children by choice, and has a stable relationship. She has no history of pelvic surgery, endometriosis, or uterine abnormality. Uterine cavity is normal on transvaginal ultrasound. She is concerned about abdominal scars and wishes for the least invasive option with minimal recovery time. What is the most appropriate permanent contraceptive method for this patient?

A 38-year-old woman from Delhi attends the family planning clinic with her husband requesting permanent contraception. They have 2 children and do not wish to have more. The husband is in good health with no systemic illness. Both partners are counseled about permanent sterilization options. The wife is concerned about surgical risks and postoperative recovery time, while the husband is willing to undergo a procedure if it offers better safety and efficacy. Which permanent contraceptive method would be most appropriate for this couple, considering safety, efficacy, and minimal recovery time?