4 MCQs in Pathology for NEET PG
A 52-year-old man with a 15-year history of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with progressive dyspnea and orthopnea. His blood glucose is 320 mg/dL, HbA1c 11.2%, and serum creatinine 2.8 mg/dL. Echocardiography shows dilated left ventricle with ejection fraction of 28%. Cardiac biopsy reveals myocyte vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, and lipid accumulation. Which of the following pathological mechanisms best explains the myocardial injury in this patient?
A 48-year-old woman with a 20-year history of rheumatoid arthritis on methotrexate and TNF-α inhibitors presents with progressive fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and palpitations. Laboratory studies show hemoglobin 8.2 g/dL, MCV 72 fL, serum ferritin 890 ng/mL, and transferrin saturation 78%. Cardiac MRI reveals iron deposition in the myocardium and conduction system. Echocardiography shows restrictive cardiomyopathy with ejection fraction 35%. Which pathological mechanism best explains the cardiac injury in this patient?
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which superoxide dismutase (SOD) protects cells from free radical injury?
Which antioxidant enzyme system is primarily responsible for neutralizing hydrogen peroxide generated during free radical metabolism?
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