A 58-year-old man presents with nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria 5.2 g/day, serum albumin 2.1 g/dL, edema). Kidney biopsy electron microscopy shows the structure marked **A** (subepithelial electron-dense deposits) with characteristic spike-like GBM projections. Immunofluorescence demonstrates granular IgG4 deposition along the GBM. PLA2R antibody testing is positive. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology underlying the formation of the deposits marked **A**?
A 52-year-old Caucasian man presents with nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria 15 g/day, serum albumin 2.1 g/dL, edema). Renal biopsy is performed. On silver methenamine staining, the structure marked **B** (GBM spike between deposits) is visualized as black-stained projections extending outward from the basement membrane. Serum anti-PLA2R antibody is positive. Which of the following best explains the pathogenesis of this finding?
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