A 58-year-old man presents with nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria 5.2 g/day, serum albumin 2.1 g/dL, edema). Kidney biopsy electron microscopy shows the structure marked **A** (subepithelial electron-dense deposits) with characteristic spike-like GBM projections. Immunofluorescence demonstrates granular IgG4 deposition along the GBM. PLA2R antibody testing is positive. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology underlying the formation of the deposits marked **A**?
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